A Philosophical commentary on modern Cosmology
Foreword:
Much of what has been written on this site should be read in a rhetorical tone. We have also paraphrased some content from Wikipedia and explored ideas presented by some of the world's leading Cosmologists.
Physical cosmology is the study of the observable universe's origin, its large-scale structures and dynamics, and the ultimate fate of the universe, including the laws of science that govern these areas. It is investigated by scientists, including astronomers and physicists, as well as philosophers, such as metaphysicians, philosophers of physics, and philosophers of space and time. Because of this shared scope with philosophy, theories in physical cosmology may include both scientific and non-scientific propositions and may depend upon assumptions that cannot be tested. Physical cosmology is a sub-branch of astronomy that is concerned with the universe as a whole. Modern physical cosmology is dominated by the Big Bang Theory which attempts to bring together observational astronomy and particle physics; more specifically, a standard parameterization of the Big Bang with dark matter and dark energy, known as the Lambda-CDM model.
The observable universe:
The current comoving distance also known as proper distance, which takes into account that the universe has expanded since the light was emitted, to particles from which the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR) was emitted, which represents the radius of the visible universe, is about 14.0 billion parsecs (about 45.7 billion light-years), while the comoving distance to the edge of the observable universe is about 14.3 billion parsecs (about 46.6 billion light-years), about 2% larger. The radius of the observable universe is therefore estimated to be about 46.5 billion light-years and its diameter about 28.5 gigaparsecs (93 billion light-years). Using the critical density and the diameter of the observable universe, the total mass of ordinary matter in the universe can be calculated to be about 1.5 × 1053 kg. In November 2018, astronomers reported that the extragalactic background light (EBL) amounted to 4 × 10^84 photons.
As the universe's expansion is accelerating, all currently observable objects, outside the local supercluster, will eventually appear to freeze in time, while emitting progressively redder and fainter light. For instance, objects with the current redshift z from 5 to 10 will remain observable for no more than 4–6 billion years. In addition, light emitted by objects currently situated beyond a certain comoving distance (currently about 19 billion parsecs) will never reach Earth.
CMBR:
Precise measurements of the CMB are critical to cosmology, since any proposed model of the universe must explain this radiation. The CMB has a thermal black body spectrum at a temperature of 2.72548K. The spectral radiance dEν/dν peaks at 160.23 GHz.
In the Big Bang model for the formation of the universe, inflationary cosmology predicts that after about 10^−37 seconds the nascent universe underwent exponential growth that smoothed out nearly all irregularities. The remaining irregularities were caused by quantum fluctuations in the inflation field that caused the inflation event. Long before the formation of stars and planets, the early universe was smaller, much hotter and, starting 10^−6 seconds after the Big Bang, filled with a uniform glow from its white-hot fog of interacting plasma of photons, electrons, and baryons.
As the universe expanded, adiabatic cooling caused the energy density of the plasma to decrease until it became favorable for electrons to combine with protons, forming hydrogen atoms. This recombination event happened when the temperature was around 3000 K or when the universe was approximately 379,000 years old. As photons did not interact with these electrically neutral atoms, the former began to travel freely through space, resulting in the decoupling of matter and radiation.
Based on the 2013 data, the universe contains 4.9% ordinary matter, 26.8% dark matter and 68.3% dark energy. On 5 February 2015, new data was released by the Planck mission, according to which the age of the universe is 13.799±0.021 billion years old and the Hubble constant was measured to be 67.74±0.46 (km/s)/Mpc.
It may be possible to believer that the CMBR radio waves came from other sources other than the big bang, but star and galaxy evolution provides solid proof that the Universe in 13.8 billion years and started in big bang.
The Milky Way:
The milky way is a barred galaxy. The distance from the edge of the outer halo to the center of the Milky Way is now estimated to be 1 million light years. There are estimated to be around 400 billion stars in the Milky Way.
Black Holes:
A black hole is a region of spacetime where gravity is so strong that nothing, including light or other electromagnetic waves, has enough energy to escape its event horizon. The theory of general relativity predicts that a sufficiently compact mass can deform spacetime to form a black hole. The boundary of no escape is called the event horizon.
Inside a black hole space has been bent so much that a singularity forms within the three large dimensions of space of our Universe.
At the center of all black holes matter and energy are compressed to a virtual singularity and is traveling superluminally along dark dimensions separate to our 3 large dimensions of space along a pathway or wormhole to a new Universe.
It is possible that all Black Holes in our Universe connect together in the same new Universe. This might also explain why black holes tend to merge, because their pathways or wormholes twist together drawing the black holes closer together as they orbit each other.
Interestingly, it has been calculated that a body with the same density as water and with the same radius as the supermassive black hole at the center of the Andromeda Galaxy would actually be a black hole momentarily, before collapsing to a singularity.
The presence of Black Holes may, at least in part, explain dark matter, which is thought to be behind galaxy rotation curves. Other mass contributions may exist in galaxy halos.
Rotating Black Holes (Kerr Black Holes):
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We begin with a star, but one with much more mass than our own, say 10x solar mass or more. It rotates, as pretty much all stars do, including our own. It is fairly unremarkable as stars go, aside from being among the larger ones.
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This star runs out of sufficient fuel to sustain main sequence. What this means at the basic level it is fuses all the lighter elements, hydrogen, then helium, etc. until most of what is left is heavier stuff like iron that cannot sustain a fusion reaction against the pressure of all that heat.
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The star blows a large portion of its mass outward as that pressure overcomes the gravity and pressure trying to hold it all in. In the process it loses a lot of its mass.
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The pressure now dissipated, what’s left of the star begins to collapse back in more tightly due to the force of its own gravity. But as it collapses, tighter and tighter inward, its rate of spin increases. Think of a figure skater, arms gracefully extended as she goes into a spin. When she slowly pulls her arms in toward her torso, she spins faster and faster. That is what physics calls conservation of angular momentum.
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If the remaining mass of the star is at least 3x the mass of our Sun, it will eventually collapse far enough to form an event horizon, at which point it is officially a new born black hole. However, by the time it collapses that far, the space occupied is tiny, so tiny that relativity cannot even measure it because it has moved down to the scale of a quantum level phenomenon. Because of this its rate of spin is, excuse the pun, astronomical.
There you have it, the birth of a rotating black hole. It is theorized that almost all black holes are born this way, as rotating black holes, either Kerr (rotating, no charge) or Kerr-Newman (rotating and charged). Eventually, so it is theorized, the Penrose process causes them to lose angular momentum just a little bit at time as their frame-dragging effect propels some infalling mass away at relativistic velocities before it can reach the event horizon. After it loses enough angular momentum, its speed will have slowed sufficiently that its frame dragging effect no longer extends outside the event horizon. Ever after it will act just like a non-rotating black hole, as near as any outside observer can tell.
The fact that many supermassive black holes tend to rotate in the same plane also points to the suggestion that they connect or interact in some way at the end of so-called dark dimensions.
White Holes:
White holes are the opposite of a Black Hole, where everything is reversed. The Big Bang, which occurred everywhere at once, approximately 13.8 billion years ago, is possibly an example of a white hole which could have been created from a black hole in a previous universe. The fact that the big bang occurred everywhere at once suggests that our universe started as a singularity and a closed universe where the three large dimension of space are initially wrapped around each other.
What could have been the trigger to cause the energy travelling through the worm hole to exit creating a white hole and our big bang?
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